英語作業(yè)批改中“點(diǎn)撥型”評(píng)語
在日常教學(xué)中,我們一直注重“備課”——“上課”——“作業(yè)”——“反饋”等環(huán)節(jié)。通常作業(yè)批改中花了大量的時(shí)間和精力,卻收效不大。作業(yè)評(píng)語只作為對(duì)作業(yè)本身進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),忽略了學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性,難怪學(xué)生常常應(yīng)付作業(yè)。通過實(shí)踐發(fā)現(xiàn)在作業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)中關(guān)注學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)訓(xùn)練,習(xí)得過程中的自主探究,體驗(yàn)與感悟是英語作業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)中最關(guān)鍵的因素。
“點(diǎn)撥型”評(píng)語是對(duì)學(xué)生作業(yè)中的錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行啟發(fā)和點(diǎn)撥的用語。主要目的是喚醒學(xué)生詞法和句法的意識(shí)。它能提供給學(xué)生一個(gè)再思考的機(jī)會(huì)和自主探究的空間,加深他們對(duì)問題的理解促進(jìn)能力的發(fā)展,從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性思維和獨(dú)立解決問題的能力。美國(guó)實(shí)用主義教育家杜威把學(xué)習(xí)過程分為情景——問題——觀察——解決。學(xué)生是不成熟的個(gè)體,需要老師的指導(dǎo)。在作業(yè)中,經(jīng)過老師的啟發(fā)學(xué)生很容易茅塞頓開找到錯(cuò)誤的原因,這種記憶更持久。
一.運(yùn)用“點(diǎn)撥型”評(píng)語的前提
正確選用課下要布置的作業(yè),符合學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平,結(jié)合當(dāng)堂知識(shí)由易到難,有一定坡度和研究?jī)r(jià)值,能調(diào)動(dòng)起學(xué)生興趣,需要學(xué)生運(yùn)用已學(xué)的知識(shí)仔細(xì)思考。能夠起到“跳一跳,摘到桃子。”的作用。例如:在講授使用沒有出現(xiàn)主語的分詞短語時(shí),要注意該主語與主句動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者一致。
。ㄕn上例句:Seeing the photos, he couldn’t help laughing. Seen from the plane, the hill looks small.) 給學(xué)生布置相應(yīng)的練習(xí)。如:“她同他講完話后,他離開了!辈糠謱W(xué)生的作業(yè)如下:
“She talked to him, then he left.”
“After talking to him ,he left.”
這時(shí)老師就應(yīng)啟發(fā)學(xué)生提出假設(shè),仔細(xì)分析找出正確作法!皊he” is the subject in the participle clause, but “he” is the subject of the main clause. This is incorrect. What should it be changed to? Add or remove some words if necessary. 在第二天的作業(yè)中當(dāng)看到這樣的句子時(shí):
“After talking to him, she watched him leave.”
“After talking to her, he left!蹦憔椭浪麄儎(dòng)腦筋了。
二.“點(diǎn)撥型”評(píng)語要有助于學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的理解和記憶
教師評(píng)語本身也是對(duì)語言的運(yùn)用和學(xué)習(xí)。在評(píng)語中對(duì)癥下藥,變相重復(fù)學(xué)生易出錯(cuò)的句子即可婉轉(zhuǎn)指出錯(cuò)誤又可使學(xué)生加深理解。如講授連詞的用法“Using compound sentences makes your writing more fluid and interesting. They contain two independent clauses joined by a conjunction, e.g. and, but, or.”課上也相應(yīng)地設(shè)置這樣的練習(xí):
“It was crowded, ___we were able to see him.(but)”
“She is a top student. She is a talented musician. (and)”
“Do your homework on time. You will fall behind in the course. (or )”
大部分學(xué)生都能正確地變換句式。
“It was crowded, but we were able to see him.(but)”
“She is a top student and a talented musician. (and)”
“Do your homework on time,or you will fall behind in the course. (or )”
但反映在作業(yè)上就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣的`句子:
“Though he doesn’t have much money, but his heart is full of love.”
如果這種情況發(fā)生在以往,我也許會(huì)把“though”或“but”標(biāo)注出來。這樣寫道:“Each two- clause sentence can only have one conjunction, right?”但如今我嘗試這樣的做法:
“Jerry, you always do well in English, but you are a little careless this time.”
“Though there is one mistake in your sentence, I like your handwriting very much.”
并故意把“though”或“but”寫得夸張些。運(yùn)用學(xué)過的重點(diǎn)句型,短語,時(shí)態(tài)給學(xué)生寫評(píng)語可以幫助學(xué)生更好地鞏固和運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)。
三.“點(diǎn)撥型”評(píng)語鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考和自主探究
“點(diǎn)撥型”評(píng)語即遵循啟發(fā)式教學(xué)原則,它能對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)方法,解題思路等進(jìn)行啟發(fā)和指導(dǎo)。這一原則要求充分尊重學(xué)生主觀能動(dòng)性,放手讓學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考自主探究。教師只起到啟發(fā)誘導(dǎo)的作用!笆谥贼~,不如授之以漁。”在作文批改中我一般批閱兩遍。第一遍筆頭批閱中,常對(duì)學(xué)生提出建議和改進(jìn)方向,啟發(fā)學(xué)生針對(duì)問題重新思考和布局。如:
“Are you sure you understand the meaning reflected from the picture?” “ Can you describe it in another way?”
“It seems that something is left out after the verb“drop” .Will you look it in your dictionary?”
“I’m confused with the person you referred to in your first paragraph, would you tell me the reason why you used the third person here?”
學(xué)生帶著這些疑問回去修改作文,有的放矢。第二遍面批時(shí)在肯定學(xué)生的同時(shí)(You’ve done much better now than you did last time.)主要對(duì)作文進(jìn)行潤(rùn)色并找出細(xì)微不妥之處,和學(xué)生一起探討交流。
四.“點(diǎn)撥型”評(píng)語要因材施教,循序漸進(jìn)。
對(duì)學(xué)生的啟發(fā)需要一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過程!包c(diǎn)撥型”評(píng)語要因人而異,針對(duì)不同學(xué)生的作業(yè),啟發(fā)的程度不同,提出的要求也不同,但目的是一致的。那就是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立解決問題的能力。讓優(yōu)等生更進(jìn)一步,中等生揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短,暫時(shí)基礎(chǔ)差的同學(xué)克服學(xué)英語的障礙和恐懼。如:針對(duì)優(yōu)等生的作業(yè)提出更高的要求!癥our work is quite good. Better start your sentence with adverbials. It’s important to be creative in writing. Try to use as many expressions as you can in the writing .Better not repeat the same expressions .”對(duì)程度中等的學(xué)生要多叮囑。例如:“Your work will be better, if you pay more attention to the orders of the words in your writing. The tense used is not appropriate.”對(duì)基礎(chǔ)差的學(xué)生要耐心引導(dǎo),點(diǎn)撥要逐步深入,最好中英文評(píng)語同時(shí)使用。如:“Without subject ,this sentence is difficult to understand. If you write something that happened in the past, which tense should be used? Can you tell me the difference between “success”and“succeed”. Pay attention to your handwriting and pronunciation. Nothing is impossible as long as you work hard. Don’t lose heart .”(缺少主語,很難理解這個(gè)句子。如果你描述過去發(fā)生的事情,該用什么時(shí)態(tài)?能告訴我“success” 和“succeed”的區(qū)別么?注意你的書寫和拼寫。只要你努力沒有什么不可以的。不要失去信心。
“評(píng)價(jià)的目的不是為了檢查,甄別和選拔,而是在于通過評(píng)價(jià)促使被評(píng)價(jià)者改進(jìn),促進(jìn)其發(fā)展!(朱慕菊,2002) 在英語作業(yè)評(píng)語中“點(diǎn)撥型”的運(yùn)用能對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)方法,解題思路等進(jìn)行啟發(fā)和引導(dǎo)。啟發(fā)學(xué)生重新思考進(jìn)行發(fā)散思維,激活了大腦,尋求更多更好的作答。
參考文獻(xiàn):
朱慕菊:《走進(jìn)新課程—和課程實(shí)施者對(duì)話》,北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2002
黃遠(yuǎn)振:《新課程英語教與學(xué)》,福建教育出版社,2003
王 青:《巧用激勵(lì)性評(píng)語,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生寫作能力》 ,中小學(xué)外語教學(xué),2007
袁振國(guó):《當(dāng)代教育學(xué)》,教育科學(xué)出版社,2004
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